Postwar Polish art is deeply intertwined with the political and social context of Poland, shaped by the geopolitical situation of Central and Eastern Europe after 1945 and marked by the dominance of the USSR. Despite a facade of independence, Poland became part of the Soviet sphere of influence following the Yalta Conference agreements and remained under direct Soviet control for decades. The intensity of that control varied, but the most difficult period came during Stalinism. Soviet rule governed Polish reality through puppet governments, employing manipulation, censorship, repression, and violence, while assigning culture and art the role of propaganda tools.
In the immediate aftermath of World War II, the artistic community focused on rebuilding the destroyed country, reviving education, reconstructing museums, and establishing state-run institutions overseeing culture and art. The new socialist authorities assumed the role of cultural patron while also securing a monopoly in this domain. Initially, the government aimed more at seducing artists and the public with ideologically attractive ideas than forcing them into compliance. The concept of socially engaged art, central to socialist realism, was not fundamentally opposed to the ideals of avant-garde artists from the interwar period, who also pursued ethical, communicative, progressive art intended for the masses and grounded in modernity.
However, after the rigged elections of 1948 and the consolidation of the socialist party’s power, a drastic tightening of cultural policy occurred, along with waves of repression and heightened surveillance. This atmosphere of fear triggered growing social resistance and criticism.
Socialist realism – known in Poland as socrealizm – was officially introduced in 1949 as the mandatory artistic doctrine. It dictated not only the ideological content but also the form and language of artistic expression. Art was to educate the public, encourage labor, and strive toward the ideal of the “new man,” peace, and prosperity. In theory, socialist realism aimed to aid in constructing a just, egalitarian society and provide the highest ethical and artistic values. In practice, however, it degenerated into a shallow aesthetic enforced by the state – rejected by both artists and the general public.
The seeming uniformity of artistic output during the socialist realist period reflects both ideological conformity and the effectiveness of censorship, which artists skillfully attempted to bypass. Many fulfilled state-imposed obligations by producing propaganda works while continuing to develop personal artistic practices outside official circulation. These commissions allowed them access to exhibitions, academic positions, and art supplies. Opposition mainly formed within the “modernist” milieu, often expressed through silence and clandestine work, hidden from informers and security officers.
A significant shift in cultural policy occurred after Stalin’s death in 1953. The turning point came with the 1955 exhibition Against War – Against Fascism at Warsaw’s Arsenal Gallery, after which a return to strict artistic control became impossible.
This context helps to situate the early career of Wanda Gołkowska (1925–2013), a Wrocław-based artist, and understand the conditions in which she studied and developed her artistic perspective during the 1950s and 1960s. She was influenced by the Wrocław art scene and the Wrocław Group, of which she was a member. The period of strictest socialist realism (1949–1953) coincided with Gołkowska’s studies at the State Higher School of Fine Arts (PWSSP) in Wrocław (1946–1952). She was a student and later an assistant of Prof. Eugeniusz Geppert, becoming a docent in 1980, an associate professor in 1989, and a full professor in 1991.
In the 1960s and ’70s, she participated in major art events in Poland, such as the Koszalin Plein-Air Meetings in Osieki, the Biennale of Spatial Forms in Elbląg, the Symposium of Artists and Scientists in Puławy, Wrocław ’70, and the Zgorzelec Land symposium in 1971. She was also active in the Golden Grape symposia in Zielona Góra and later took part in gatherings of geometric abstraction artists organized by Bożena Kowalska.
In the early 1950s, Gołkowska produced numerous charcoal sketches – figures, portraits (highlanders, miners, workers), and landscapes – often created during student plein-air excursions or summer trips, including a series of portraits of Roma from Kłodzko, Lwówek, and Jurgów. These works aligned with the socialist realist directive that art students and teachers visit industrial sites to sketch laborers at work.
In her 1955 drawing Never Again Auschwitz!, included in the Arsenal exhibition, Gołkowska depicted a head outlined in black ink on a piece of Trybuna Ludu newspaper – screaming in silence. The simplified, geometric rendering marked her shift from realism to abstraction, with surrealist overtones.
By the late 1950s and early 1960s, Gołkowska was experimenting with wood block compositions, rhythms, and textures that led to her concept of Open Systems (Układy Otwarte). This body of work, exhibited in 1968 at the Under Mona Lisa Gallery in Wrocław, included mobile spatial compositions intended for reconfiguration by the viewer. In an accompanying manifesto published in Odra, Gołkowska expressed her artistic philosophy: that the viewer, light, space, movement, sound, and time all contributed to the creative process. These works reflected the constant flux of reality and intentionally challenged the idea of art as static and singular. She wrote, “Every arrangement is valid. An immeasurable number of arrangements exist. […] I also treat myself as an open system – I allow for the possibility of change.” Her focus shifted from the art object to the conceptual process, envisioning a scenario in which works could be produced by craftsmen or machines—or not produced at all.
From the 1970s onward, Gołkowska created projects and artistic actions exploring perception, overproduction, ecology, and information flow—such as Kinestezjon (1970), Black Board with Inscription (1971), and the Disapprovers(Dezaprobatory, 1971–1972). She later moved into text-based work, investigating language, meaning, sound, and form in pieces like Arts (1972–1980), and her conceptual collections Earth (1972–1974) and Blue (1974–1999). She also became active in the international mail art movement.
In the 1980s and 1990s, she returned to drawing and painting, developing geometric motifs inspired by the Fibonacci sequence and the golden ratio. Her works featured rhythmic parallel lines and constructions resembling towers, kites, arrows, and landscapes. For Gołkowska, mathematics and spatial relationships revealed the inherent wisdom and beauty of nature. Her linear rhythms suggested movement, vibration, and a constant process of renewal—documenting the ever-changing nature of reality.
In the 2000s, she revisited Open Systems in a new way, creating three-dimensional works such as Image Architecture and Image Spaces using moveable wooden blocks. In her later series Closed Systems (2006), she symbolically concluded her oeuvre by combining line rhythms, interwoven forms, and geometric planes.
Wanda Gołkowska passed away on August 7, 2013, in Wrocław.
She was an artist of exceptional discipline and consistency. Her Open Systems concept from 1967 represents a profoundly mature reflection that transcended the understanding of her era.
